Physicians, medical journals, and editors have described Wakefield's actions as fraudulent and tied them to epidemics and deaths. Reviews of the evidence by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the American Academy of Pediatrics, the Institute of Medicine of the US National Academy of Sciences, the UK National Health Service, and the Cochrane Library all found no link between the MMR vaccine and autism. Following the initial claims in 1998, multiple large epidemiological studies were undertaken. Promotion of the claimed link, which continues in anti-vaccination propaganda despite being refuted, has led to an increase in the incidence of measles and mumps, resulting in deaths and serious permanent injuries. The claims in the paper were widely reported, leading to a sharp drop in vaccination rates in the UK and Ireland. The paper was retracted in 2010 but is still cited by anti-vaccinationists. The fraudulent research paper authored by Andrew Wakefield and published in The Lancet claimed to link the vaccine to colitis and autism spectrum disorders. The link was first suggested in the early 1990s and came to public notice largely as a result of the 1998 Lancet MMR autism fraud, characterised as "perhaps the most damaging medical hoax of the last 100 years". Claims of a link between the MMR vaccine and autism have been extensively investigated and found to be false.
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